PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

YEAR
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
AUTHOR SOURCE SELECTION ABSTRACT
2009 Delusional defendants and competency Gwenn Levitt DO Psychiatry CD 10551 Delusional defendants are commonly referred for evaluations of their competency to stand trial. Conflicting opinions as to competency often arise causing consternation for the bench, lawyers, and mental health experts. Three actual case vignettes involving delusional defendants were presented to a sample of these professionals to gather information as to the attitudes and thought processes of the varying disciplines toward these cases. The findings clearly demonstrated the conflict these defendants create for the court. The opinions as to competency appear to be highly influenced by the professional s discipline and interpretation of the competency statutes. Gwen Levitt, D.O. is a board certified forensic psychiatrist. She is a mental health expert for both juvenile and adult divisions of the Maricopa County Superior Court.

2009 Delusions and malingering in civil commitment and criminal cases Daisy K. Switzer, Ph.D. psychology CD 10603 While flagrant cases of delusional disorder exist, there are a range of subtle areas in both criminal and civil commitment cases which beg to question what we think we know about the nature of delusions. The application of delusional disorder in civil commit or criminal cases, and the danger of misapplication of the diagnosis will be presented. Cultural context diagnosis and the dangers of prejudice and ethical considerations when the diagnosis will keep a criminal off the street, what is the ethical thing to do? will be discussed. Dr. Switzer does contract evaluations for the Board of Parole Terms and is in private practice, with an emphasis on criminal forensics. Her practice is in Nevada County, with satellite offices in Humboldt and San Francisco.

2008 Delusional defendants and competency Gwen Levitt DO psychiatry journal 8013 Delusional defendants are commonly referred for evaluations to determine competency to stand trial. Conflicting opinions as to competency often arise causing consternation for the bench, lawyers, and mental health experts. Three actual case vignettes involving delusional defendants were presented to a sample of these professionals to gather information as to the attitudes and thought processes of the varying disciplines toward these cases. The findings clearly demonstrate the conflict these defendants create for the court. The opinions about competency appear to be highly influenced by the professional s discipline and interpretation of the competency statutes.

2007 The Relationship Between a Psychopathic Personality and Violence in Schizophrenics
Helene Wallach PhD and Rami Mairaz MD psychiatry journal 7039 This study was undertaken to explore the major contribution of psychopathy to the level of violence among hospitalized schizophrenics. A secondary aim was to examine the differences among court referred and self or psychiatric referred schizophrenics. Fifty-two schizophrenic patients hospitalized through the court and forty-eight through psychiatric or self referral participated in this study. Psychopathy was rated using the Hare psychopathy checklist (PCL-SV). Ratings of violence were severity of last offense committed using Wolfgang et al.'s offense severity scale. Demographic and clinical variables were taken from the patients' files. As expected, level of psychopathy correlated with level of violence, as well as differentiating between court referred and psychiatric or self referred schizophrenics. These results point to the importance of considering psychopathy scores as major risk factors for violence among schizophrenics. In addition, the two groups (court referred versus self/psychiatric referral) appear to be fundamentally different, as suggested by psychopathy scores.

2006 Powerless as a risk factor for violence in first episode schizophrenia-two illustrative cases Gordon Davies DPM, MRC Psych MAPS psychiatry journal 8091 no abstract

2002 Psychiatric fraud - why do psychiatrists pretend they can properly diagnose religious delusions? Ansar Haroun MD psychiatry tapes 2031 Two years ago WB cut the throat of a 10-year-old boy, saying God told him to do so. Every psychiatrist who examined him concluded that because his beliefs were false, fixed, and of a religious nature, he must consequently be suffering from a religious delusion. Dr. Haroun, who examined him, supported these findings but could not find scientific evidence that the patient s beliefs were false. Private discussions revealed that the methodology used by many forensic experts is based not on science (as the doctors pretend) but rather on pseudoscience.

2002 Competency to stand trial in a case of delusional misidentification of the self and delusional therioanthropy J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 294 Delusional misidentification of the self can involve physical and/or psychological delusional misidentification of the self. Delusional therioanthropy corresponds to a delusion of person to animal transformation involving people other than the delusional person. Delusional misidentification associated with violence has been well recognized during the past fifteen years. Cases of delusional misidentification involving issues of criminal responsibility or legal dangerousness to others have also been documented. In this article we present a case of delusional misidentification and delusional therioanthropy of the self that involved the psychiatric-legal issue of competency to stand trial.

2000 Erotomanic delusion- a psychometric case study Jay Chrostowski PsyD
psychiatry journal 463 Erotomanic delusions constitute a subtype of delusional disorder, and the disorder may at times involve a variety of behaviors considered to be harassment, including obsessional following, letter writing and telephone contact. These behaviors can result in severe psychosocial consequences for the victim of the follower. Previous studies have described the characteristics of obsessional followers, only a subset of which are considered to have delusional disorder, but few studies include formal psychometric evaluation of such patients. This case study describes the literature on obsessional following and erotomanic delusions, reviews prior psychometric data on such patients, and presents a case of a patient who was evaluated with a variety of objective and projective psychological test instruments. Additional data should be gathered on such patients to better diagnose and treat their pathological behavior, so as to reduce the impact of their behavior on their victims.

2000 Homicidal violence in an ambulatory public job setting - the role of delusional thinking J Arturo Silva MD
psychiatry journal 1480 Workplace violence is a complex problem with multiple causes. One of these causes may be psychopathology arising from or exacerbated by the work setting as well as by psychopathology occurring incidental to the occupational context. One possible form of psychopathology that may be associated with workplace violence is psychosis. In this article we present a case of an individual suffering from psychosis that led to the homicide of a worker in the ambulatory job setting. The association of workplace violence to generic violence is briefly explored.

1999 Partition delusions, misidentification of the self, aggressiveness J Arturo Silva MD
psychiatry journal 462 Partition delusions involve beliefs that living and inanimate objects can pass through an impermeable boundary such as a wall or roof. Misidentification delusions involve beliefs of physical and/or psychological misidentification of the self or others (living and inanimate). Delusional thinking may be associated with aggressive behavior. In this article a case of a man who suffered from partition and misidentification delusions is described. The role of these delusions in the genesis of this individual s aggression is explored.

1999 Delusional misidentification and aggression in women J Arturo Silva MD
Leong JB
Doleshal B
Medina R psychiatry journal 464 Ms. A is a 24-year-old single woman who was admitted to a locked psychiatric facility after she physically attacked her mother and maternal grandmother with her hands. Ms. A stated that her mother and grandmother were physical look-alikes of her relatives. She believed that the putative impostors were part of a conspiracy involving gangsters who planned to physically harm her... Delusional misidentification can be associated with serious aggression.

1997 Multi-delusion systems, delusional misidentification and the genesis of aggression J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 6070 Delusional thinking may be an important factor in the genesis of aggression. In this paper we discuss the hypothesis that different delusions may provide different contributions to the etiology of aggressive behaviors. Cases are given.

1997 Violence in schizophrenic patients-the role of psychotic symptoms and frontal lobe impairment Menahem Krakowski MD, PhD psychiatry journal 1475 A positive association has been found between violence and neurological dysfunction as measured by various neurological and neuropsychological measures in various populations . Special attention has been paid to frontal impairment. Frontal dysfunction as indicated by positron emission tomography has been reported in seriously violent offenders pleading not guilty by reason of insanity or incompetent to stand trial, and in psychiatric inpatients with a history of arrests for violent behavior. EEG slowing over the frontocentral areas has been reported in habitually aggressive drug abusers.

1997 Multi-delusion systems, delusional misidentification and the genesis of aggression J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 10801 Delusional thinking may be an important factor in the genesis of aggression. In this paper we discuss the hypothesis that different delusions may provide different contributions to the etiology of aggressive behaviors. Cases are given.

1996 Synergistic effect of the delusions of jealousy and erotomania in violent behavior J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 461 Delusional systems are often composed of several delusions of different content. Each of these delusions may have a different cause and time course and may also cause the deluded individual to experience other symptoms or exhibit specific behaviors. Conceptualizing delusional systems as multidelusion processes is important in forensic psychiatry because different delusions may have independent as well as overlapping contributing effects in the genesis of aggression. In this article we present the case of a man who experienced a prominent delusion of jealousy as well as an erotomanic delusion. We will analyze the role that these delusions as well as other symptoms played in causing the affected individual to become violent.

1996 The antichrist delusion as a dangerous misidentification state J Arturo Silva MD
psychiatry journal 468 The antichrist delusion is a relatively infrequently observed religious delusion. In spite of its rarity, this delusion may have significant forensic psychiatric implications, especially in its potential for harm. In this article, we present the case of an individual who intermittently believed himself to be the antichrist. We then propose a framework that may assist in improving the understanding of dangerous antichrist delusions.

1996 Synergistic effect of the delusions of jealousy and erotomania in violent behavior J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 6000 Delusional systems are often composed of several delusions of different content. Each of these delusions may have a different cause and time course and may also cause the deluded individual to experience other symptoms or exhibit specific behaviors. Conceptualizing delusional systems as multidelusion processes is important in forensic psychiatry because different delusions may have independent as well as overlapping contributing effects in the genesis of aggression. In this article we present the case of a man who experienced a prominent delusion of jealousy as well as an erotomanic delusion. We will analyze the role that these delusions as well as other symptoms played in causing the affected individual to become violent.

1995 The mental health professional as erotomanic object J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 467 Mental health professionals may become the object of an erotomanic patient's amorous delusion and thereby be at risk of physical attack perpetrated by these delusional patients. Two such cases of erotomania are discussed.

1994 Delusion or devotion- diagnosis of novel religious belief and delusional thought John Wisner MD psychiatry tapes 1880 Novel or unconventional religious ideas present a diagnostic challenge in any psychiatric setting. When forensic issues such as competency for trial or sanity are in question, the difference between beliefs and actions that arise out of religious conviction or represent symptoms of a mental disorder may be crucial to the outcome. A systematic approach to determining the origin and nature of religious ideas is discussed and illustrated by cases involving issues of criminal sanity and affecting professional licensure. Participants will be able to describe the relationship between psychopathology and religious ideas, identify the clinical distinctions between unconventional religious beliefs and delusions, and be aware of the data that must be evaluated as a basis for such determinations.

1994 Erotomania and delusional misidentification as risk factors for aggression J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 6071 Erotomanic and misidentification delusions have been individually associated with dangerous behaviors. The authors describe a case in which an individual harbors these two delusions and discuss how these delusions may interact in the genesis of aggressive behavior in a single individual.

1993 Delusional misidentification syndromes and prominent figures J Arturo Silva MD psychiatry journal 5280 no abstract

1992 Love, rage and delusional disorders: a consideration of psychodynamics R Eden Deutsch PhD and G Christian Harris MD psychiatry journal 5056 Erotomania and a spectrum of delusional disorders, though now recognized as distinct from other psychoses, are presently poorly defined in terms of their etiology and psychodynamics. Through the use of detailed historical data, the authors examine a case of a delusional disorder with erotomanic and persecutory features as a product of a chaotic and disputed family with parents having narcissistic deficits. The etiology of the disorder is looked at in the light of the early interpsychic familial milieu. The psychodynamic purposes of the delusions are explored and the potential for violence is discussed. Case Anne was a 26-year-old never married, Caucasian female, whose attorney requested psychiatric evaluation subsequent to legal charges of harassment and threats to harm her former lover. She had been jailed briefly on two previous occasions regarding these matters. Her attorney desired a mental health examination on a somewhat urgent basis so that bail could be set and his client released...

1987 Erotomania- the delusion of being loved - six cases presented Joseph A Noone MD psychiatry journal 6012 The individual suffering from erotomania has the delusional conviction that another person is in love with him or her. A prominent characteristic behavior in these cases is patient's choice of an individual object of high status, denial of the object's unavailability, and self referential misinterpretations of the object's behavior. Six specific cases presented.

1986 Propranalol-alternative therapy for schizophrenics manifesting chronic violence Jerome Schulte MD psychiatry journal 5246 Psychiatrist at Atascadero an all-male maximum security hospital in California, finds that there is increasing evidence that with acute and chronic schizophrenics exhibiting rage and violent behavior, who are resistant to treatment with known neuroleptics, high doses of propranolol may be useful in the management of chronic assaultiveness related to command hallucinations.

1981 Diagnosis of schizophrenia- a new look an old label Michael Taylor MD psychiatry journal 5423 Schizophrenia, a profound behavioral disturbance reflecting severe brain dysfunction, is frequently diagnosed both in civil and criminal cases; many patients who in the past were labeled schizophrenic were grossly misdiagnosed. Author corrects old and and some recent misimpressions.

YEAR	PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS	AUTHOR	SOURCE	SELECTION	ABSTRACT
2009	Delusional defendants and competency	Gwenn Levitt DO	Psychiatry CD	10551	Delusional defendants are commonly referred for evaluations of their competency to stand trial. Conflicting opinions as to competency often arise causing consternation for the bench, lawyers, and mental health experts. Three actual case vignettes involving delusional defendants were presented to a sample of these professionals to gather information as to the attitudes and thought processes of the varying disciplines toward these cases. The findings clearly demonstrated the conflict these defendants create for the court. The opinions as to competency appear to be highly influenced by the professional s discipline and interpretation of the competency statutes. Gwen Levitt, D.O. is a board certified forensic psychiatrist. She is a mental health expert for both juvenile and adult divisions of the Maricopa County Superior Court.
2009	Delusions and malingering in civil commitment and criminal cases	Daisy K. Switzer, Ph.D.	psychology CD	10603	While flagrant cases of delusional disorder exist, there are a range of subtle areas in both criminal and civil commitment cases which beg to question what we think we know about the nature of delusions. The application of delusional disorder in civil commit or criminal cases, and the danger of misapplication of the diagnosis will be presented. Cultural context diagnosis and the dangers of prejudice and ethical considerations when the diagnosis will keep a criminal off the street, what is the ethical thing to do? will be discussed. Dr. Switzer does contract evaluations for the Board of Parole Terms and is in private practice, with an emphasis on criminal forensics. Her practice is in Nevada County, with satellite offices in Humboldt and San Francisco.
2008	Delusional defendants and competency	Gwen Levitt DO	psychiatry journal	8013	Delusional defendants are commonly referred for evaluations to determine competency to stand trial. Conflicting opinions as to competency often arise causing consternation for the bench, lawyers, and mental health experts. Three actual case vignettes involving delusional defendants were presented to a sample of these professionals to gather information as to the attitudes and thought processes of the varying disciplines toward these cases. The findings clearly demonstrate the conflict these defendants create for the court. The opinions about competency appear to be highly influenced by the professional s discipline and interpretation of the competency statutes.
2007	The Relationship Between a Psychopathic Personality and Violence in Schizophrenics	Helene Wallach PhD and Rami Mairaz MD	psychiatry journal	7039	This study was undertaken to explore the major contribution of psychopathy to the level of violence among hospitalized schizophrenics. A secondary aim was to examine the differences among court referred and self or psychiatric referred schizophrenics. Fifty-two schizophrenic patients hospitalized through the court and forty-eight through psychiatric or self referral participated in this study. Psychopathy was rated using the Hare psychopathy checklist (PCL-SV). Ratings of violence were severity of last offense committed using Wolfgang et al.'s offense severity scale. Demographic and clinical variables were taken from the patients' files. As expected, level of psychopathy correlated with level of violence, as well as differentiating between court referred and psychiatric or self referred schizophrenics. These results point to the importance of considering psychopathy scores as major risk factors for violence among schizophrenics. In addition, the two groups (court referred versus self/psychiatric referral) appear to be fundamentally different, as suggested by psychopathy scores.
2006	Powerless as a risk factor for violence in first episode schizophrenia-two illustrative cases	Gordon Davies DPM, MRC Psych MAPS	psychiatry journal	8091	no abstract
2002	Psychiatric fraud - why do psychiatrists pretend they can properly diagnose religious delusions?	Ansar Haroun MD	psychiatry tapes	2031	Two years ago WB cut the throat of a 10-year-old boy, saying God told him to do so. Every psychiatrist who examined him concluded that because his beliefs were false, fixed, and of a religious nature, he must consequently be suffering from a religious delusion. Dr. Haroun, who examined him, supported these findings but could not find scientific evidence that the patient s beliefs were false. Private discussions revealed that the methodology used by many forensic experts is based not on science (as the doctors pretend) but rather on pseudoscience.
2002	Competency to stand trial in a case of delusional misidentification of the self and delusional therioanthropy	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	294	Delusional misidentification of the self can involve physical and/or psychological delusional misidentification of the self. Delusional therioanthropy corresponds to a delusion of person to animal transformation involving people other than the delusional person. Delusional misidentification associated with violence has been well recognized during the past fifteen years. Cases of delusional misidentification involving issues of criminal responsibility or legal dangerousness to others have also been documented. In this article we present a case of delusional misidentification and delusional therioanthropy of the self that involved the psychiatric-legal issue of competency to stand trial.
2000	Erotomanic delusion- a psychometric case study	Jay Chrostowski PsyD	psychiatry journal	463	Erotomanic delusions constitute a subtype of delusional disorder, and the disorder may at times involve a variety of behaviors considered to be harassment, including obsessional following, letter writing and telephone contact. These behaviors can result in severe psychosocial consequences for the victim of the follower. Previous studies have described the characteristics of obsessional followers, only a subset of which are considered to have delusional disorder, but few studies include formal psychometric evaluation of such patients. This case study describes the literature on obsessional following and erotomanic delusions, reviews prior psychometric data on such patients, and presents a case of a patient who was evaluated with a variety of objective and projective psychological test instruments. Additional data should be gathered on such patients to better diagnose and treat their pathological behavior, so as to reduce the impact of their behavior on their victims.
2000	Homicidal violence in an ambulatory public job setting - the role of delusional thinking	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	1480	Workplace violence is a complex problem with multiple causes. One of these causes may be psychopathology arising from or exacerbated by the work setting as well as by psychopathology occurring incidental to the occupational context. One possible form of psychopathology that may be associated with workplace violence is psychosis. In this article we present a case of an individual suffering from psychosis that led to the homicide of a worker in the ambulatory job setting. The association of workplace violence to generic violence is briefly explored.
1999	Partition delusions, misidentification of the self, aggressiveness	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	462	Partition delusions involve beliefs that living and inanimate objects can pass through an impermeable boundary such as a wall or roof. Misidentification delusions involve beliefs of physical and/or psychological misidentification of the self or others (living and inanimate). Delusional thinking may be associated with aggressive behavior. In this article a case of a man who suffered from partition and misidentification delusions is described. The role of these delusions in the genesis of this individual s aggression is explored.
1999	Delusional misidentification and aggression in women	J Arturo Silva MD Leong JB Doleshal B Medina R	psychiatry journal	464	Ms. A is a 24-year-old single woman who was admitted to a locked psychiatric facility after she physically attacked her mother and maternal grandmother with her hands. Ms. A stated that her mother and grandmother were physical look-alikes of her relatives. She believed that the putative impostors were part of a conspiracy involving gangsters who planned to physically harm her... Delusional misidentification can be associated with serious aggression.
1997	Multi-delusion systems, delusional misidentification and the genesis of aggression	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	6070	Delusional thinking may be an important factor in the genesis of aggression. In this paper we discuss the hypothesis that different delusions may provide different contributions to the etiology of aggressive behaviors. Cases are given.
1997	Violence in schizophrenic patients-the role of psychotic symptoms and frontal lobe impairment	Menahem Krakowski MD, PhD	psychiatry journal	1475	A positive association has been found between violence and neurological dysfunction as measured by various neurological and neuropsychological measures in various populations . Special attention has been paid to frontal impairment. Frontal dysfunction as indicated by positron emission tomography has been reported in seriously violent offenders pleading not guilty by reason of insanity or incompetent to stand trial, and in psychiatric inpatients with a history of arrests for violent behavior. EEG slowing over the frontocentral areas has been reported in habitually aggressive drug abusers.
1997	Multi-delusion systems, delusional misidentification and the genesis of aggression	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	10801	Delusional thinking may be an important factor in the genesis of aggression. In this paper we discuss the hypothesis that different delusions may provide different contributions to the etiology of aggressive behaviors. Cases are given.
1996	Synergistic effect of the delusions of jealousy and erotomania in violent behavior	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	461	Delusional systems are often composed of several delusions of different content. Each of these delusions may have a different cause and time course and may also cause the deluded individual to experience other symptoms or exhibit specific behaviors. Conceptualizing delusional systems as multidelusion processes is important in forensic psychiatry because different delusions may have independent as well as overlapping contributing effects in the genesis of aggression. In this article we present the case of a man who experienced a prominent delusion of jealousy as well as an erotomanic delusion. We will analyze the role that these delusions as well as other symptoms played in causing the affected individual to become violent.
1996	The antichrist delusion as a dangerous misidentification state	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	468	The antichrist delusion is a relatively infrequently observed religious delusion. In spite of its rarity, this delusion may have significant forensic psychiatric implications, especially in its potential for harm. In this article, we present the case of an individual who intermittently believed himself to be the antichrist. We then propose a framework that may assist in improving the understanding of dangerous antichrist delusions.
1996	Synergistic effect of the delusions of jealousy and erotomania in violent behavior	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	6000	Delusional systems are often composed of several delusions of different content. Each of these delusions may have a different cause and time course and may also cause the deluded individual to experience other symptoms or exhibit specific behaviors. Conceptualizing delusional systems as multidelusion processes is important in forensic psychiatry because different delusions may have independent as well as overlapping contributing effects in the genesis of aggression. In this article we present the case of a man who experienced a prominent delusion of jealousy as well as an erotomanic delusion. We will analyze the role that these delusions as well as other symptoms played in causing the affected individual to become violent.
1995	The mental health professional as erotomanic object	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	467	Mental health professionals may become the object of an erotomanic patient's amorous delusion and thereby be at risk of physical attack perpetrated by these delusional patients. Two such cases of erotomania are discussed.
1994	Delusion or devotion- diagnosis of novel religious belief and delusional thought	John Wisner MD	psychiatry tapes	1880	Novel or unconventional religious ideas present a diagnostic challenge in any psychiatric setting. When forensic issues such as competency for trial or sanity are in question, the difference between beliefs and actions that arise out of religious conviction or represent symptoms of a mental disorder may be crucial to the outcome. A systematic approach to determining the origin and nature of religious ideas is discussed and illustrated by cases involving issues of criminal sanity and affecting professional licensure. Participants will be able to describe the relationship between psychopathology and religious ideas, identify the clinical distinctions between unconventional religious beliefs and delusions, and be aware of the data that must be evaluated as a basis for such determinations.
1994	Erotomania and delusional misidentification as risk factors for aggression	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	6071	Erotomanic and misidentification delusions have been individually associated with dangerous behaviors. The authors describe a case in which an individual harbors these two delusions and discuss how these delusions may interact in the genesis of aggressive behavior in a single individual.
1993	Delusional misidentification syndromes and prominent figures	J Arturo Silva MD	psychiatry journal	5280	no abstract
1992	Love, rage and delusional disorders: a consideration of psychodynamics	R Eden Deutsch PhD and G Christian Harris MD	psychiatry journal	5056	Erotomania and a spectrum of delusional disorders, though now recognized as distinct from other psychoses, are presently poorly defined in terms of their etiology and psychodynamics. Through the use of detailed historical data, the authors examine a case of a delusional disorder with erotomanic and persecutory features as a product of a chaotic and disputed family with parents having narcissistic deficits. The etiology of the disorder is looked at in the light of the early interpsychic familial milieu. The psychodynamic purposes of the delusions are explored and the potential for violence is discussed. Case Anne was a 26-year-old never married, Caucasian female, whose attorney requested psychiatric evaluation subsequent to legal charges of harassment and threats to harm her former lover. She had been jailed briefly on two previous occasions regarding these matters. Her attorney desired a mental health examination on a somewhat urgent basis so that bail could be set and his client released...
1987	Erotomania- the delusion of being loved - six cases presented	Joseph A Noone MD	psychiatry journal	6012	The individual suffering from erotomania has the delusional conviction that another person is in love with him or her. A prominent characteristic behavior in these cases is patient's choice of an individual object of high status, denial of the object's unavailability, and self referential misinterpretations of the object's behavior. Six specific cases presented.
1986	Propranalol-alternative therapy for schizophrenics manifesting chronic violence	Jerome Schulte MD	psychiatry journal	5246	Psychiatrist at Atascadero an all-male maximum security hospital in California, finds that there is increasing evidence that with acute and chronic schizophrenics exhibiting rage and violent behavior, who are resistant to treatment with known neuroleptics, high doses of propranolol may be useful in the management of chronic assaultiveness related to command hallucinations.
1981	Diagnosis of schizophrenia- a new look an old label	Michael Taylor MD	psychiatry journal	5423	Schizophrenia, a profound behavioral disturbance reflecting severe brain dysfunction, is frequently diagnosed both in civil and criminal cases; many patients who in the past were labeled schizophrenic were grossly misdiagnosed. Author corrects old and and some recent misimpressions.